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KMID : 0608619920020010092
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Korean Journal of Aerospace and Environmental Medicine
1992 Volume.2 No. 1 p.92 ~ p.113
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Preventive Medicine and Aircrew Health
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Stanley R Mohler
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Abstract
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DEFINITION, HISTORY, AND SCOPE
Aerospace medicine is the specialty that addresses the health aspects of environmental
extremes in air and space. One driving force for the specialty is the phenomenal growth
of air travel which shows no sign of abating. For example 2,556 U.S. scheduled trunk
airline aircraft carried 273 million domestic passenger in 1982(a trunk airline is a major
airline, not an "air taxi" local service operation). U.S. international airlines carried
20million during the same period. Airlines in other countries carried 190 million
passengers domestically and 110 million internationally, using approximately 15,000
aircraft. In 1990, a projected 2,870 U.S. trunk airline aircraft will carry an estimated 409
million passengers domestically and 30 million internationally.
Also giving impetus to aerospace medicine is the remarkable growth of nonairline
aviation in the United States, including all aircraft activities other than the scheduled
trunk carriers. In 1982 there were 210,000 general aviation aircraft in the United States,
projected to grow to 252,000 by 1990. In 1982 these aircraft made approximately 38
million trips, carrying an estimated 96 million persons. Much of this general aviation
growth is related to the development of charter, air taxi, air commuter and personal
flying activities.
Current progress in aviation rests upon a substantial foundation of aerospace medical
science and technology. The Jesuit father Jose de Acosta observed mountain-sickness
symptoms in Peru and demonstrated that the change in air with increasing height was
directly associated with the symptoms. He published these observations in 1590. (1) The
public demonstration of balloon flight in 1783 by the Montgolfier brothers and the
progressive development of ballooning in the nineteenth century led to pioneering altitude
chamber studies in the 1870s by Bert, who determined human oxygen requirements and
provided the first recommended supplemental oxygen schedules for high-altitude flight.
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